Teheccut Readings

Al-Lāt , Al-‘Uzzá and Manāt were common names used for multiple goddesses across Arabia. [24] [36] [37] [38] [39] G.R. Hawting states that modern scholars have frequently associated the names of Arabian goddesses Al-lāt , Al-‘Uzzá and Manāt with cults devoted to celestial bodies, particularly Venus , drawing upon evidence external to the Muslim tradition as well as in relation to Syria , Mesopotamia and the Sinai Peninsula . [40] Allāt ( Arabic : اللات‎) or al-Lāt was worshipped throughout the ancient Near East with various associations. [32] Herodotus in the 5th century BC identifies Alilat ( Greek : Ἀλιλάτ) as the Arabic name for Aphrodite (and, in another passage, for Urania ), [5] which is strong evidence for worship of Allāt in Arabia at that early date. [41] Al-‘Uzzá ( Arabic : العزى‎) was a fertility goddess [42] or possibly a goddess of love. [43] Manāt ( Arabic : مناة‎) was the goddess of destiny. [44] Al-Lāt's cult was spread in Syria and northern Arabia....

Some scholars postulate that in pre-Islamic Arabia, including in Mecca, Allah was considered to be a deity, possibly a creator deity or a supreme deity in a polytheistic pantheon . [21] [22] The word Allah (from the Arabic al-ilah meaning "the god") [23] may have been used as a title rather than a name. [24] [25] [26] The concept of Allah may have been vague in the Meccan religion. [27] According to Islamic sources, Meccans and their neighbors believed that the goddesses Al-lāt , Al-‘Uzzá , and Manāt were the daughters of Allah. [2] [22] [24] [25] [28] Regional variants of the word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions. [29] [30] References to Allah are found in the poetry of the pre-Islamic Arab poet Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma , who lived a generation before Muhammad, as well as pre-Islamic personal names. [31] Muhammad's father's name was ʿAbd-Allāh , meaning "the servant of Allah". [27] Charles Russell Coulter and Patri...

According to the Book of Idols , descendants of the son of Abraham ( Ishmael ) who had settled in Mecca migrated to other lands. They carried holy stones from the . [9] This, according to al-Kalbi led to the rise of idol worship. [9] Based on this, it may be probable that Arabs originally venerated stones, later adopting idol-worship under foreign influences. [9] The relationship between a god and a stone as his representation can be seen from the third-century work called the Syriac Homily of Pseudo-Meliton where he describes the pagan faiths of Syriac-speakers in northern Mesopotamia, who were mostly Arabs. [9]

scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/107858

Carried west by Phoenician sailors, Canaanite religious influences can be seen in Greek mythology , particularly in the tripartite division between the Olympians Zeus , Poseidon and Hades , mirroring the division between Baal , Yam and Mot , and in the story of the Labours of Hercules , mirroring the stories of the Tyrian Melqart , who was often equated with Heracles. [35]

Thus while " Phoenician " and " Canaanite " refer to the same culture, archaeologists and historians commonly refer to the Bronze Age , pre-1200 BCE Levantines as Canaanites; and their Iron Age descendants, particularly those living on the coast, as Phoenicians. More recently, the term Canaanite has been used for the secondary Iron Age states of the interior (including the Philistines and the states of Israel and Judah ) [30] [31] that were not ruled by Arameans —a separate and closely related ethnic group. [32]

It is considered virtually impossible to reconstruct a clear picture of Canaanite religious practices. Although child sacrifice was known to surrounding peoples, there is no reference to it in ancient Phoenician or Classical texts. The biblical representation of Canaanite religion is always negative. [26]

Baʿal Ḥammon Weather and Vegetative Fertility King of the Gods Statue of Baʿal Hammon on his throne with a crown and flanked by sphinges , 1st century. Consort Tanit Greek equivalent Cronus Roman equivalent Saturn Canaanite equivalent El

‘Abdu l-‘Uzzá ["Slave of the Mightiest One"] was a favourite proper name during the advent of Islam . [7] The name al-‘Uzzá appears as an emblem of beauty in late pagan Arabic poetry quoted by Ibn al-Kalbī, and oaths were sworn by her. Susan Krone suggests that the identities of al-‘Uzzá and al-Lāt were fused in central Arabia uniquely. [8] On the authority of ‘Abdu l-Lāh ibn ‘Abbās , at- Tabari derived al-ʻUzzā from al-‘Azīz "the Mighty", one of the 99 "beautiful names of Allah" in his commentary on Qur'an 7:180. [9]

Al-Lat ( Arabic : اللات ‎, romanized :  Al-Lāt , pronounced  [alːaːt] ), also spelled Allat , Allatu and Alilat , is a pre-Islamic Arabian goddess worshipped under various associations throughout the entire peninsula, including Mecca where she was worshipped alongside Manat and al-'Uzza . The word Allat or Elat has been used to refer to various goddesses in the ancient Near East , including the goddess Asherah-Athirat . Al-Lat was attested in south Arabian inscriptions as Lat and Latan , but she had more prominence in north Arabia and the Hejaz , and her cult reached as far as Syria . [3] The writers of the Safaitic script frequently invoked al-Lat in their inscriptions. She was also worshipped by the Nabataeans and she was associated with al-'Uzza . The presence of her cult was attested in both Palmyra and Hatra . Under Greco-Roman influence, her iconography began to show the attributes of Athena , the Greek goddess of war, as well as her Roman equivalent Min...

Manāt ( Arabic : مناة ‎  Arabic pronunciation:  [maˈnaːh] pausa , [maˈnaːt] ; also transliterated as manāh ) was a Semitic goddess worshiped in the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam and the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. She was among Mecca 's three chief goddesses, alongside her sisters, Allat and Al-‘Uzzá , [1] and among them, she was the original and the oldest. [2] Her idol was destroyed after the rise of Islam and her worship disappeared in the Arabian peninsula. 

Goddess of fate, fortune, time, death, and destiny 2nd century AD relief from Hatra depicting the goddess al-Lat flanked by two female figures, possibly al-Uzza and Manat

He then journeyed westwards along the coast to the port of Antalya . [54] In the town he met members of one of the semi-religious fityan associations. [55] These were a feature of most Anatolian towns in the 13th and 14th centuries. The members were young artisans and had at their head a leader with the title of Akhis . [56] The associations specialised in welcoming travellers. Ibn Battuta was very impressed with the hospitality that he received and would later stay in their hospices in more than 25 towns in Anatolia. [57] From Antalya Ibn Battuta headed inland to Eğirdir which was the capital of the Hamidids . He spent Ramadan (June 1331 or May 1333) in the city. [58] From this point the itinerary across Anatolia in the Rihla is confused. Ibn Battuta describes travelling westwards from Eğirdir to Milas and then skipping 420 km (260 mi) eastward past Eğirdir to Konya . He then continues travelling in an easterly direction, reaching Erzurum from where he skips 1...

Ibn Battuta insulted Greeks as "enemies of Allah", drunkards and "swine eaters", while at the same time in Ephesus he purchased and used a Greek girl who was one of his many slave girls in his "harem" through Byzantium, Khorasan, Africa, and Palestine. [147] It was two decades before he again returned to find out what happened to one of his wives and child in Damascus. [148]

Ibn Battuta often experienced culture shock in regions he visited where the local customs of recently converted peoples did not fit in with his orthodox Muslim background. Among the Turks and Mongols, he was astonished at the freedom and respect enjoyed by women and remarked that on seeing a Turkish couple in a bazaar one might assume that the man was the woman's servant when he was in fact her husband. [149] He also felt that dress customs in the Maldives, and some sub-Saharan regions in Africa were too revealing. 

The prophet İlyas (as) was tring to prevent his people from worshiping Baal.(Saffat 120-130) The Quran mentions that Elijah (Ilyas) [52] warned his people against Baʿal. Indeed, Elias was among the messengers ; when he said to his people: "Will you not fear ! Do you call upon Ba'l and leave the best of creators, Allah, your Lord and the Lord of your first forefathers?" And they denied him, so indeed, they will be brought [for punishment ], except the chosen God's servants , the sincere ; We left for him to the later generations: Peace be upon Eliaseen . [87] Elijah ( / ɪ ˈ l aɪ dʒ ə / ih- LY -jə ; Hebrew : אֵלִיָּהוּ , Eliyahu , meaning "My God is Yahweh [6] / YHWH " [7] [8] ) or latinized form Elias ( / ɪ ˈ l aɪ ə s / ih- LY -əs ) [a] was, according to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible , a prophet and a miracle worker who lived in the northern kingdom of Israel [9] during the reign of King Ahab (9th century BC). In 1 Kings 18 , Elijah d...

Before islam, the same tripartite division between false gods was the same. In the Phoenician religion, the tripartite division between Baal , Mot and Yam m seems to have influenced the Greek division between Zeus , Hades and Poseidon . [272] It is possible that Poseidon/Neptune was directly inspired by a Phoenician counterpart; while such a figure is documented as being revered by Phoenician merchants and sailors, a singular name has yet to be found. [273] However, there are names for sea gods from individual city states, most notably Yamm from Ugarit, whom some scholars have identified with Poseidon, although others link him to Pontus . [274] Yamm is the brother of the god of death, Mot, whose Greek equivalent, Hades, is the brother of Poseidon. [275] Yamm is in cosmic conflict with Baal, the storm god of Ugaritic myth who is often associated with Zeus. Though nominally the god of the sea, Yamm truly represents chaos, directly opposing the order represented by Baal. ...

"In Semitic religion El , the father of the gods , had gradually been shorn of his power by his sons and relegated to a remote part of his heavenly home; in Carthage, on the other hand, he became, once more, the head of the pantheon, under the enigmatic title of Ba'al Hammon."

The religious practices and beliefs of Phoenicia were cognate generally to their neighbours in Canaan , which in turn shared characteristics common throughout the ancient Semitic world . [186] [187] [188] "Canaanite religion was more of a public institution than of an individual experience." Its rites were primarily for city-state purposes; payment of taxes by citizens was considered in the category of religious sacrifices. [189] Unfortunately, many of the Phoenician sacred writings known to the ancients have been lost. [190] [191] Figure of Ba'al with raised arm, 14th–12th century BC, found at ancient Ugarit ( Ras Shamra site), a city at the far north of the Phoenician coast. Musée du Louvre Phoenician society was devoted to the state Canaanite religion. [192] [193] [194] Several of its reported practices have been mentioned by scholars, such as temple prostitution , [195] and child sacrifice . [196] "Tophets", built "to burn their sons ...

Phoenicia ( / f ə ˈ n ɪ ʃ ə / ; [5] from Ancient Greek : Φοινίκη , Phoiníkē ) was an ancient Semitic-speaking thalassocratic civilization that originated in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, specifically modern Lebanon . [6] [7] It was concentrated along the coast of Lebanon and included some coastal areas of Syria and northern Palestine reaching as far north as Arwad and as far south as Acre and possibly Gaza . [8] [9] [10] At its height between 1500 and 300 BC, Phoenician civilization spread across the Mediterranean, from Cyprus to the Iberian Peninsula . The term Phoenicia is an exonym originating from ancient Greek that most likely described Tyrian purple , a major export of Canaanite port towns; it did not correspond precisely to Phoenician culture or society as it would have been understood natively. [11] Scholars thus debate whether the Phoenicians were actually a distinct civilization from the Canaanites and other residents of the Levant. [12] [...

The plague of Amwas ( Arabic : طاعون عمواس ‎, romanized :  ṭāʿūn ʿAmwās ), also spelled plague of Emmaus , was a bubonic plague epidemic that afflicted Islamic Syria in 638–639, toward the end of the Muslim conquest of the region . It was likely a reemergence of the mid-6th-century Plague of Justinian . Called after Amwas in Palestine , the principal camp of the Muslim Arab army, the plague killed up to 25,000 soldiers and their relatives, including most of the army's high command, and caused considerable loss of life and displacement among the indigenous Christians of Syria. The appointment of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan to the governorship of Syria in the wake of the commanders' deaths paved the way for his establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, while recurrences of the disease may have contributed to the Umayyad dynasty 's downfall in 750. Depopulation in the Syrian countryside may have been a factor in the resettlement of the land by the Arabs unlike...

First four caliphates are the true ones, later kingships prevailing.. Hasan remained caliph for six months and Muhammad predicted that "the caliphate after me in my ummah will last for thirty years. Then there will be kingship after that." [1] And those six months of Hasan ibn Ali is included in caliphate. [2]

1350: The Black Death Responsible for the death of one-third of the world population, this second large outbreak of the bubonic plague possibly started in Asia and moved west in caravans. Entering through Sicily in 1347 A.D. when plague sufferers arrived in the port of Messina, it spread throughout Europe rapidly. Dead bodies became so prevalent that many remained rotting on the ground and created a constant stench in cities. England and France were so incapacitated by the plague that the countries called a truce to their war. The British feudal system collapsed when the plague changed economic circumstances and demographics. Ravaging populations in Greenland, Vikings lost the strength to wage battle against native populations, and their exploration of North America halted.

541 A.D.: Justinian Plague First appearing in Egypt, the Justinian plague spread through Palestine and the Byzantine Empire , and then throughout the Mediterranean. The plague changed the course of the empire, squelching Emperor Justinian's plans to bring the Roman Empire back together and causing massive economic struggle. It is also credited with creating an apocalyptic atmosphere that spurred the rapid spread of Christianity . Recurrences over the next two centuries eventually killed about 50 million people, 26 percent of the world population. It is believed to be the first significant appearance of the bubonic plague , which features enlarged lymphatic gland and is carried by rats and spread by fleas.

Plague in Early Islamic History https://www.jstor.org/stable/600071?seq=12#metadata_info_tab_contents

Modern historians concur that the actual circumstances of the plague of Amwas are not reconstructable and largely focus on the descriptions of the event in the 8th–10th-century Islamic histories and collections of hadith (traditions and sayings of Muhammad) in the context of theological debates on predestination , the status of Muslim sinners, and contagion. [20] The plague of Amwas received more attention in medieval Arabic literature than any other epidemic until the 14th-century Black Death . [40] Representations of the plague by the sources were "varied and contradictory", according to the historian Justin K. Stearns . [20] The narratives of the response to the plague by Muhammad's companions Umar, Abu Ubayda, Amr and Mu'adh informed Muslim religious and legal interpretations of plague throughout the Middle Ages, including the response to the Black Death. [14] [20] Medieval Muslim scholars derived three principals from the contemporary reactions to th...

Justinian plague effect on muslims up to 750AC. As a result of the deaths of his top commanders in Syria, Umar appointed Yazid's brother and deputy, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan , commander of the army there, ultimately laying the foundation for the establishment of the Syria-centered Umayyad Caliphate by Mu'awiya in 661. [18] The historian Wilferd Madelung surmises that the plague in Syria had precluded Umar from deploying commanders more preferable to him from Medina and he thus appointed Mu'awiya in lieu of a suitable alternative. [30] The losses among the Muslim troops in Syria caused by the Amwas plague contributed to Mu'awiya's heavy military reliance on older-established, formerly Byzantine-allied and Christian Arab tribes in Syria, particularly the Banu Kalb , who had largely stayed neutral during the fighting between the Muslims and the Byzantines in Syria during the 630s. [31] The heavy toll on the indigenous Christian population and increased ...

Some historians believe the war reduced and weakened the Christian population not just in Jerusalem but across the Near East, allowing the success of the following Arab invasion. However, over the past thirty years the archaeological evidence has not supported the ancient manuscripts which record the devastation of the Christian community in Jerusalem. [19] : 353 Jerusalem is said to have been burnt down. However, neither wide spread burning nor destruction of churches have been found in the archaeological record. [8] [7] Despite the claims of large scale destruction, the archaeological evidence does not reveal layers of destruction associated with the Persian conquest. [8] There was also no hard evidence found for the widespread destruction of churches. [8] A significant number of burial sites were allocated according to Strategius. A mass burial grave at Mamilla cave was discovered in 1989 by Israeli archeologist Ronny Reich , near the site where Strategius recorded...

Some of you might be thinking, like me, why no army challenged muslims. May be a virus cleaned them all? Muhammad and his forces marched northwards to Tabuk, near the Gulf of Aqaba in October 630 [2] [4] (Rajab AH 9). It was his largest and last military expedition. [2] Ali ibn Abi Talib , who participated in several other expedition of Muhammad, did not participate in Muhammad's Tabuk expedition upon Muhammad's instructions, as he held command at Medina . [5] After arriving at Tabuk and camping there, Muhammad's army prepared to face the Byzantine invasion . [6] Muhammad spent twenty days at Tabuk, scouting the area, making alliances with local chiefs. [4] With no sign of the Byzantine army, [2] he decided to return to Medina. [1] Though Muhammad did not encounter a Byzantine army at Tabuk, according to the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World , "this show of force demonstrated his intention to challenge the Byzantines for control of the northern part...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#/media/File:Smallpox_keep_out_of_this_house..JPG

On smallpox virus; Lady Mary Wortley Montagu observed smallpox inoculation during her stay in the Ottoman Empire , writing detailed accounts of the practice in her letters, and enthusiastically promoted the procedure in England upon her return in 1718. [53] According to Voltaire (1742), the Turks derived their use of inoculation from neighbouring Circassia . Voltaire does not speculate on where the Circassians derived their technique from, though he reports that the Chinese have practiced it "these hundred years". [54]

Want to learn how gold markets affected with corona? check this out. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-gold-supply-chain/ Unfortunately, there is no silver bullet for solving this pandemic. A likely scenario is that teams of researchers around the world will come up with solutions that will incrementally help stop the spread of the virus, mitigate symptoms for those infected, and help lower the overall death toll. As well, early solutions rushed to market will need to be refined over the coming months. We can only hope that the hard lessons learned from fighting COVID-19 will help stop a future outbreak in its tracks before it becomes a pandemic. For now, those of us on the sideline can only pray for the best.:-)

Throughout history, infectious diseases have spread out, causing global panic and changes. Nowadays, we are dealing with corona virus, but it's not he first , and will not be the last. Looks line the first globally recorded pandemic is  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian  . At he dawn of upcoming islam,   it swiped the land thru Roman and Sasani empires, killing millions The second one is  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death  . It also, swiped europe and asia with millions deaths and caused  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance .  Now, we live in time of corona pandemic, and wonder what is next!.