Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (Arabic: المدرسة النظامية), one of the first nezamiyehs,[1] was established in 1065. In July 1091, Nizam al-Mulk appointed the 33-year-old Al-Ghazali as a professor of the school.[2] Offering free education,[3] it has been described as the "largest university of the Medieval world".[4] Ibn Tumart, founder of the Berber Almohad dynasty, reputedly attended the school and studied under al-Ghazali.[5] Nizam al-Mulk's son-in-law Mughatil ibn Bakri was also employed by the school. In 1096, when al-Ghazali left the nezamiyeh, it housed 3000 students.[6] In 1116, Muhammad al-Shahrastani taught at the nezamiyeh.[7] In the 1170s, statesman Beha Ud-Din taught at the nezamiyeh, before he moved on to teach in Mosul.
Bīrūnī is one of the most important Muslim authorities on the history of religion. [63] Al-Biruni was a pioneer in the study of comparative religion. He studied Zoroastrianism , Judaism , Hinduism , Christianity , Buddhism , Islam , and other religions. He assumed the superiority of Islam: "We have here given an account of these things in order that the reader may learn by the comparative treatment of the subject how much superior the institutions of Islam are, and how more plainly this contrast brings out all customs and usages, differing from those of Islam, in their essential foulness." However he was happy on occasion to express admiration for other cultures, and quoted directly from other religions' sacred texts when reaching his conclusions. [64] He strived to understand them on their own terms rather than trying to prove them wrong. His underlying concept was that all cultures are at least distant relatives of all other cultures because they are all h...
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