Al-Zamakhsharī was born in Zamakhshar, Khwarezmia, on 18 March 1075.[12] He studied at Bukhara and Samarkand, before he travelled to Baghdad,[13] He was a philologist of the Arabic language and opponent of the Shu'ubiyya movement. He wrote primarily in Arabic, occasionally in Persian, and based on glosses in MS of Muqaddimat al-adab, his great dictionary, it is speculated that he was a native speaker of the ancient Khwarezmian language. (See below).[9] Having lost a foot to frostbite, he carried a notarized declaration that the amputation was accidental, and not a legally prescribed criminal sanction.[14] Al-Zamakhsharī earned the laqab "Jar-Allāh" ("God's neighbour") for the years he spent in Mecca before he finally returned to Khwarezm, (present-day Turkmenistan). Al-Zamakhsharī died in the capital city Gurgānj on 12 July 1144 AD (Monday, eve of 8th Zulhijja, 538 AH).
There were recurrences of the plague in Syria–Palestine about every decade between 688/89 and 744/45. [35] "The Umaiyad [sic] dynasty was literally plagued by this disease ", in the words of Dols. [36] The deaths of the Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya II ( r . 683–684 ), Marwan I ( r . 684–685 ), Abd al-Malik ( r . 685–705 ), Sulayman ( r . 715–717 ) and the Umayyad governors in Iraq al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba ( r . 661–671 ) and Ziyad ibn Abihi ( r . 685–673 ) may all possibly have been caused by the plague epidemics in Syria and Iraq. [37] [21] The caliphs routinely withdrew from the cities to their desert palaces when the plague emerged during the summer months. [36] Notable among them was Caliph Hisham ( r . 724–743 ), who preferred his palace at Rusafa over Damascus because he viewed the latter to be unhealthy. [38]
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