Tell is derived from the Arabic word tall (تَل), meaning ‘mound’ or ‘small hill’, and is first attested in English in 1840 in a report in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.[1] Variant spellings include tall, tel, til, and tal.[1][9][10] The Hebrew word tel (תל) is a cognate. There are equivalents in other Southwest Asian languages, including tepe or tappeh (Turkish/Persian: تپه, also transliterated teppe and tepe), hüyük or höyük (Turkish), and chogha (Persian: چغا). These often appear in place names and are sometimes used by archaeologists to refer to the same type of sites.[9][10] The Arabic word khirbet or khirbat (خربة), meaning 'ruin', also occurs in the names of many archaeological tells.
Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad ( Arabic : المدرسة النظامية ), one of the first nezamiyehs , [1] was established in 1065. In July 1091, Nizam al-Mulk appointed the 33-year-old Al-Ghazali as a professor of the school. [2] Offering free education, [3] it has been described as the " largest university of the Medieval world ". [4] Ibn Tumart , founder of the Berber Almohad dynasty , reputedly attended the school and studied under al-Ghazali. [5] Nizam al-Mulk 's son-in-law Mughatil ibn Bakri was also employed by the school. In 1096, when al-Ghazali left the nezamiyeh, it housed 3000 students. [6] In 1116, Muhammad al-Shahrastani taught at the nezamiyeh. [7] In the 1170s, statesman Beha Ud-Din taught at the nezamiyeh, before he moved on to teach in Mosul .
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