Skip to main content

Syria retained its Byzantine-era bureaucracy, which was staffed by Christians including the head of the tax administration, Sarjun ibn Mansur.[115] The latter had served Mu'awiya in the same capacity before his attainment of the caliphate,[116] and Sarjun's father was the likely holder of the office under Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641).[115] Mu'awiya was tolerant toward Syria's native Christian majority.[117] In turn, the community was generally satisfied with his rule, under which their conditions were at least as favorable as under the Byzantines.[117] Mu'awiya attempted to mint his own coins, but the new currency was rejected by the Syrians as it omitted the symbol of the cross.[118] The sole epigraphic attestation to Mu'awiya's rule in Syria, a Greek inscription dated to 663 discovered at the hot springs of Hamat Gader near Lake Tiberias,[119] refers to the caliph as ʿAbd Allāh Muʿāwiya, amīr al-muʾminīn ("God's Servant Mu'awiya, commander of the faithful"; the caliph's name is preceded by a cross) and credits him for restoring Roman-era bath facilities for the benefit of the sick.[120] According to the historian Yizhar Hirschfeld, "by this deed, the new caliph sought to please" his Christian subjects.[120] The caliph often spent his winters at his Sinnabra palace near the shores of Lake Tiberias.[121] Mu'awiya was also credited with ordering the restoration of Edessa's church after it was ruined in an earthquake in 679.[122] He demonstrated a keen interest in Jerusalem.[123] Although archaeological evidence is lacking, there are indications in medieval literary sources that a rudimentary mosque on the Temple Mount existed as early as Mu'awiya's time or was built by him.[124][e]

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

 There were recurrences of the plague in Syria–Palestine about every decade between 688/89 and 744/45. [35] "The Umaiyad [sic] dynasty was literally plagued by this disease ", in the words of Dols. [36] The deaths of the Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya II ( r . 683–684 ), Marwan I ( r . 684–685 ), Abd al-Malik ( r . 685–705 ), Sulayman ( r . 715–717 ) and the Umayyad governors in Iraq al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba ( r . 661–671 ) and Ziyad ibn Abihi ( r . 685–673 ) may all possibly have been caused by the plague epidemics in Syria and Iraq. [37] [21] The caliphs routinely withdrew from the cities to their desert palaces when the plague emerged during the summer months. [36] Notable among them was Caliph Hisham ( r . 724–743 ), who preferred his palace at Rusafa over Damascus because he viewed the latter to be unhealthy. [38]
Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad ( Arabic : المدرسة النظامية ‎), one of the first nezamiyehs , [1] was established in 1065. In July 1091, Nizam al-Mulk appointed the 33-year-old Al-Ghazali as a professor of the school. [2] Offering free education, [3] it has been described as the " largest university of the Medieval world ". [4] Ibn Tumart , founder of the Berber Almohad dynasty , reputedly attended the school and studied under al-Ghazali. [5] Nizam al-Mulk 's son-in-law Mughatil ibn Bakri was also employed by the school. In 1096, when al-Ghazali left the nezamiyeh, it housed 3000 students. [6] In 1116, Muhammad al-Shahrastani taught at the nezamiyeh. [7] In the 1170s, statesman Beha Ud-Din taught at the nezamiyeh, before he moved on to teach in Mosul . 
   PRAY LIKE "OLD CAMEL KNEES"! These are troubled, difficult and yes - evil times. These are times where leaders of  society- from the highest to the lowest- call "good evil" and "evil good" (see Isaiah  5 :20).  But you and I are not to be like those whose souls are storing up wrath for the Day of Judgment. We called to  a life of Holiness, Righteousness and right communication with the Father day seals that for us. The half brother of the Lord Jesus Christ - since they had the same earthly mother Mary - is the Apostle James.   He, James, was one of Jesus' five half brothers and sisters who did NOT believe He was the Messiah until after the Resurrection. Jude is the other one. The proof of their salvation are the two New Testament Epistles that they wrote - The Books of James and Jude! The Lord chose James to head up the main church - the one in Jerusalem and James is prominent in the early church right after Peter, Jo...