Syria retained its Byzantine-era bureaucracy, which was staffed by Christians including the head of the tax administration, Sarjun ibn Mansur.[115] The latter had served Mu'awiya in the same capacity before his attainment of the caliphate,[116] and Sarjun's father was the likely holder of the office under Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641).[115] Mu'awiya was tolerant toward Syria's native Christian majority.[117] In turn, the community was generally satisfied with his rule, under which their conditions were at least as favorable as under the Byzantines.[117] Mu'awiya attempted to mint his own coins, but the new currency was rejected by the Syrians as it omitted the symbol of the cross.[118] The sole epigraphic attestation to Mu'awiya's rule in Syria, a Greek inscription dated to 663 discovered at the hot springs of Hamat Gader near Lake Tiberias,[119] refers to the caliph as ʿAbd Allāh Muʿāwiya, amīr al-muʾminīn ("God's Servant Mu'awiya, commander of the faithful"; the caliph's name is preceded by a cross) and credits him for restoring Roman-era bath facilities for the benefit of the sick.[120] According to the historian Yizhar Hirschfeld, "by this deed, the new caliph sought to please" his Christian subjects.[120] The caliph often spent his winters at his Sinnabra palace near the shores of Lake Tiberias.[121] Mu'awiya was also credited with ordering the restoration of Edessa's church after it was ruined in an earthquake in 679.[122] He demonstrated a keen interest in Jerusalem.[123] Although archaeological evidence is lacking, there are indications in medieval literary sources that a rudimentary mosque on the Temple Mount existed as early as Mu'awiya's time or was built by him.[124][e]
There were recurrences of the plague in Syria–Palestine about every decade between 688/89 and 744/45. [35] "The Umaiyad [sic] dynasty was literally plagued by this disease ", in the words of Dols. [36] The deaths of the Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya II ( r . 683–684 ), Marwan I ( r . 684–685 ), Abd al-Malik ( r . 685–705 ), Sulayman ( r . 715–717 ) and the Umayyad governors in Iraq al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba ( r . 661–671 ) and Ziyad ibn Abihi ( r . 685–673 ) may all possibly have been caused by the plague epidemics in Syria and Iraq. [37] [21] The caliphs routinely withdrew from the cities to their desert palaces when the plague emerged during the summer months. [36] Notable among them was Caliph Hisham ( r . 724–743 ), who preferred his palace at Rusafa over Damascus because he viewed the latter to be unhealthy. [38]
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