Syria retained its Byzantine-era bureaucracy, which was staffed by Christians including the head of the tax administration, Sarjun ibn Mansur.[115] The latter had served Mu'awiya in the same capacity before his attainment of the caliphate,[116] and Sarjun's father was the likely holder of the office under Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641).[115] Mu'awiya was tolerant toward Syria's native Christian majority.[117] In turn, the community was generally satisfied with his rule, under which their conditions were at least as favorable as under the Byzantines.[117] Mu'awiya attempted to mint his own coins, but the new currency was rejected by the Syrians as it omitted the symbol of the cross.[118] The sole epigraphic attestation to Mu'awiya's rule in Syria, a Greek inscription dated to 663 discovered at the hot springs of Hamat Gader near Lake Tiberias,[119] refers to the caliph as ʿAbd Allāh Muʿāwiya, amīr al-muʾminīn ("God's Servant Mu'awiya, commander of the faithful"; the caliph's name is preceded by a cross) and credits him for restoring Roman-era bath facilities for the benefit of the sick.[120] According to the historian Yizhar Hirschfeld, "by this deed, the new caliph sought to please" his Christian subjects.[120] The caliph often spent his winters at his Sinnabra palace near the shores of Lake Tiberias.[121] Mu'awiya was also credited with ordering the restoration of Edessa's church after it was ruined in an earthquake in 679.[122] He demonstrated a keen interest in Jerusalem.[123] Although archaeological evidence is lacking, there are indications in medieval literary sources that a rudimentary mosque on the Temple Mount existed as early as Mu'awiya's time or was built by him.[124][e]
Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad ( Arabic : المدرسة النظامية ), one of the first nezamiyehs , [1] was established in 1065. In July 1091, Nizam al-Mulk appointed the 33-year-old Al-Ghazali as a professor of the school. [2] Offering free education, [3] it has been described as the " largest university of the Medieval world ". [4] Ibn Tumart , founder of the Berber Almohad dynasty , reputedly attended the school and studied under al-Ghazali. [5] Nizam al-Mulk 's son-in-law Mughatil ibn Bakri was also employed by the school. In 1096, when al-Ghazali left the nezamiyeh, it housed 3000 students. [6] In 1116, Muhammad al-Shahrastani taught at the nezamiyeh. [7] In the 1170s, statesman Beha Ud-Din taught at the nezamiyeh, before he moved on to teach in Mosul .
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