Teheccut Readings

  A map of the Bronze Age collapse

 In the specific context of the Middle East , a variety of factors – including population growth, soil degradation , drought, cast bronze weapon and iron production technologies – could have combined to push the relative price of weaponry (compared to arable land ) to a level unsustainable for traditional warrior aristocracies. In complex societies that were increasingly fragile and less resilient, the combination of factors may have contributed to the collapse. The growing complexity and specialisation of the Late Bronze Age political, economic, and social organisation in Carol Thomas and Craig Conant's phrase [52] together made the organisation of civilisation too intricate to reestablish piecewise when disrupted. That could explain why the collapse was so widespread and able to render the Bronze Age civilizations incapable of recovery. The critical flaws of the Late Bronze Age are its centralisation, specialisation, complexity, and top-heavy political structure . ...

 The process by which scriptures became canons and Bibles was a long one, and its complexities account for the many different Old Testaments which exist today. Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh , identifies the Old Testament as "a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing." [2] He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. By about the 5th century BC Jews saw the five books of the Torah (the Old Testament Pentateuch) as having authoritative status; by the 2nd century BC the Prophets had a similar status, although without quite the same level of respect as the Torah; beyond that, the Jewish scriptures were fluid, with different groups seeing authority in different books. [31]

Way of given measures. x times 3600. 3600 is 60x60 with is 60 based numbering system base.  Three times 3,600 units of raw bitumen were melted in a kiln and three times 3,600 units of oil were used in addition to two times 3,600 units of oil that were stored in the boat.

Gilgamesh, who wants to overcome death, cannot even conquer sleep. 

Tell is derived from the Arabic word tall ( تَل ), meaning ‘mound’ or ‘small hill’, and is first attested in English in 1840 in a report in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society . [1] Variant spellings include tall , tel , til , and tal . [1] [9] [10] The Hebrew word tel ( תל ) is a cognate . There are equivalents in other Southwest Asian languages, including tepe or tappeh ( Turkish / Persian : تپه ‎, also transliterated teppe and tepe ), hüyük or höyük (Turkish), and chogha (Persian: چغا ‎). These often appear in place names and are sometimes used by archaeologists to refer to the same type of sites. [9] [10] The Arabic word khirbet or khirbat ( خربة ), meaning 'ruin', also occurs in the names of many archaeological tells. 

  The Citadel of Aleppo , northern Syria , on top of a tell occupied since at least the third millennium BC

 The epics of  Gilgamesh Creation of Enkidu Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, abuses his people. In response to complaints from the citizens, the goddess Aruru creates Enkidu in the steppe. Abundantly hairy and primitive, he lives roaming with the herds and grazing and drinking from rivers with the beasts. One day a hunter watches Enkidu destroying the traps he has prepared for the animals. The hunter informs his father, who sends him to Uruk to ask Gilgamesh for help. The king hands him over Shamhat, a prostitute, which he sleeps with her for two weeks until he becomes human, intelligent and understanding words, however the beasts flee when they see him. Shamhat convinces Enkidu to face the tyrant Gilgamesh in combat. Meanwhile, in Uruk, the king has two dreams prophesying the arrival of his enemy. Enkidu faces Gilgamesh Enkidu learns to behave like a man with the shepherders eating, drinking and defending them from wolves and lions at night. Upon reaching Uruk, Enkidu ...

Crusader graffiti in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , Jerusalem

 Meanwhile, a plague broke out, killing many among the army, including the legate Adhemar, who died on 1 August. [90] There were now even fewer horses than before, and worse, the Muslim peasants in the area refused to supply the crusaders with food. Thus, in December, after the Arab town of Ma'arrat al-Numan was captured following a siege , history describes the first occurrence of cannibalism among the crusaders . [91] Radulph of Caen wrote, "In Ma'arrat our troops boiled pagan adults in cooking pots; they impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled." [92] At the same time, the minor knights and soldiers had become increasingly restless and threatened to continue to Jerusalem without their squabbling leaders. Finally, at the beginning of 1099, the march restarted, leaving Bohemond behind as the first Prince of Antioch. [67]

Queen Arwa al- Sulaihi Palace

After the death of Mu'di Karab Ya'fir in around 521 CE, a Himyarite Jewish warlord named Yousef Asar Yathar rose to power. His honorary title Yathar means "to avenge". Yemenite Christians, aided by Aksum and Byzantium , systematically persecuted Jews and burned down several synagogues across the land. Yousef avenged his people with great cruelty. [42] He marched toward the port city of Mocha killing 14,000 and capturing 11,000. [40] Then he settled a camp in Bab-el-Mandeb to prevent aid flowing from Aksum . At the same time, Yousef sent an army under the command of another Jewish warlord, Sharahil Yaqbul, to Najran . Sharahil had reinforcements from the Bedouins of the Kindah and Madh'hij tribes, eventually wiping out the Christian community in Najran. [43] Yousef or Dhu Nuwas (The one with sidelocks ) as known in Arabic literature, believed that Christians in Yemen were a fifth column . [44] Christian sources portray Dhu Nuwas (Yousef Asar) as a...

 The Sabaean Kingdom came into existence from at least the eleventh century BC. [4] There were four major kingdoms or tribal confederations in South Arabia : Saba , Hadramout , Qataban and Ma'in . Saba is believed to be biblical Sheba and was the most prominent federation. [5] The Sabaean rulers adopted the title Mukarrib generally thought to mean "unifier", [6] or a "priest-king". [7] The role of the Mukarrib was to bring the various tribes under the kingdom and preside over them all. [8] The Sabaens built the Great Dam of Marib around 940 BCE. [9] The dam was built to withstand the seasonal flash floods surging down the valley. 

Ruins of the historical dam of the former Sabaean capital of Ma'rib , amidst the Sarawat Mountains of present-day Yemen

 The Sabaeans, like the other Yemenite kingdoms of the same period, were involved in the extremely lucrative spice trade , especially frankincense and myrrh . [22] They left behind many inscriptions in the monumental ancient South Arabian script or Musnad , as well as numerous documents in the related cursive Zabūr script . 

 Carthage's growing wealth and power led to several confrontations with the nascent Roman Republic known as the Punic Wars. Spanning well over a century, the conflict saw some of the largest and most complex battles in antiquity. The wars would determine the fate of the Mediterranean world, and by extension human history, putting Phoenician civilization versus Greco-Roman civilization. Notwithstanding a number of decisive and stunning victories, particularly under the leadership of Hannibal Barca in the Second Punic War, Carthage gradually lost territory, power, and prestige, culminating in its complete destruction by Roman forces after the third and final Punic War in 146 BC. The entirety of the Carthaginian Empire was absorbed into Rome, and Carthage itself was reduced to rubble, along with any written records. Although the Romans later built a new city of Carthage in its place— which grew into one of the largest and most important cities in the Roman Empire—Phoe...

 The Carthaginian economy relied not only on their traditional Phoenician mercantile pursuits but also upon the agricultural and industrial produce of its overseas colonies. The Carthaginians oversaw significant exploitation of iron, lead, silver, gold and other natural resources in their lucrative Iberian colonies, while their holdings in Sicily and Africa included some of the most agriculturally productive land in the entire Mediterranean basin. There is evidence that the Carthaginians utilized the potter's wheel in manufacturing, and pioneered serial production techniques to produce many ships at minimal time and cost. [63] [64] Carthage's navy was for centuries the dominant force in the Mediterranean, helping expand and secure the empire and its commercial interests. By the third century BC, Carthage became one of the richest and most populous cities in the ancient world.